Introduction
The
dietary change in population is crucial for the healthy society and to make a
change, there is a dire need to understand the factors or determinants that
affect the food intake. The balanced and healthy diet leads to a healthy mind
and body of humans (Ball, Timperio, & Crawford, 2006). In contrast, the
ineffective dietary plan leads to diet-related diseases. In modern
civilisation, numerous factors play a significant role in developing healthy or
non-healthy diet plans. The socio-cultural, personal, socioeconomic and
geographical factors are crucial to promoting different dietary trend among
people. Regardless of the harm associated with unhealthy food, people prefer to
follow the trendy dietary plan, as a result, develops a high risk for
diet-related diseases (Ducrot et al., 2017). The literature is enriched with
the studies, provided evidence of a positive association between an unhealthy
diet and high risk for diet-related diseases. The cardiovascular diseases
diabetes, respiratory problems, high blood pressure and heart attacks are the
common diet-related problems (Caspi, Sorensen, Subramanian, & Kawachi,
2012). The current assignment intends to cover all the factors associated with
food intake and the development of the diet-related disorder. Furthermore, to
design an action plan to reduce the diet relayed diseases. The current study
suggested that how the dietary plan develops the diet-related disease has been
elaborated through a case study mentioned below.
Case
study
Paul is a 60 years old manager of a tool shop. She has two
daughters of thirty years old. Her height is 173m and weight reported to be
85kg. Her waist circumference is 153cm, and the below chart mentioned her three
days of food intake. According to the given information, Paul intakes 2 cups of
tea with a heaped spoon of sugar in each cup.
Furthermore, she intakes 4 x Ryvita crackers with thick spread of
butter and Primula cheese 1 x 500ml bottle Lilt. The breakfast is unhealthy for
her as an adult around 60 years needs to include egg, in breakfast to consume
1.0 to 1.3 protein. Furthermore, fresh juice and smoothies oatmeal are
effective in healthy diet consumption. Paul does not consume anything before or
during lunchtime due to moderate physical activity. Evening and during the
evening meal of Pual reported being partially healthy as she consumed homemade
fish, fries, peas, carrot, beans, fried eggs, broccoli, and dairy product. The
imbalanced intake of diet and excessive consumption of wine leads her to
cardiovascular disease, obesity and other related disorder. Multiple factors
play a significant role in food intake of Paul.
The socio-cultural factors. According
to the socio-cultural factors, people develop dietary habit to consume food.
For example in some culture wine is strictly prohibited which decreases the
risk of diet oriented diseases, while in other culture wine is considered a
national drink and despite its harm people prefer to drink wine regularly
(Pechey, & Monsivais, 2016). In the current case study overviewing the chart
of food, consumption of Paul wine and tea found to be compulsory in each day.
The regular intake of wine may adversely affect the health of Paul. The high
sugar intake through tea might also cause diabetes and literature suggested
that sugar intake in the age of 60 or above leads to diabetes.
The personal factor. Modern
civilisation and mechanical life have made human laziest than ever. The lack of
physical activities, exercise and high sedentary lifestyle demolish the quality
of life among people (Pestoni et al., 2019). In the current case study, Paul
works in a store, which doesn’t need much physical activity. Therefore, she
skips the noon or afternoon meal. The lack of diet at noon leads to weakness or
other medical diseases.
Socio-economic factor. Socioeconomic
factors play a significant role in food consumption. According to literature,
the high socioeconomic status and low socioeconomic status both lead to
unhealthy diet consumption. The high socioeconomic status people follow the
trend to intake wine, alcohol, or related substances as normal routine of their
leads, which in turn leads to lungs, respiratory or cardiovascular disease.
According to the recent data, the people who consume substances develop high
risk for cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, the people who belong to
low socioeconomic status cannot afford a healthy diet as a result suffers from
diet deficiencies. The literature suggested that diet delicacy leads to
anaemia, blood pressure and other serious medical problems. In the current
case, Paul works in a tool hire shop, where she may not earn enough to afford
healthy food. As a result, she is following unhealthy food chain (Skerrett,
& Willett, 2010). Or it might be possible due to lack of awareness with the
balanced diet she was following the current diet plan. The unhealthy diet plan
might lead to obnoxious consequences such as cardiovascular diseases, joint or
diabetic problems.
Geographical factors. The
geographical influences on food intake are crucial as the literature suggested
that the people who live in rural areas found to be poorer in the dietary plan
as compared to the urban residents. The people of rural areas reported high
consumption of milk, sugar and other dairy product as compared to the people of
urban areas. Whereas the physical activity of both found to be equal as a
result, the people of rural areas develop more body weight than the people of
urban areas. The current case study depicted that high, moderate physical
activity was leading to unhealthy food intake, which increases the high risk
for other diseases.
According to the UK estimated required energy for the age range of
60 years adults with a healthy weight are 10.8MJ/d, 2581 kcal for male and 8.7
MJ/d and 2079 for females is crucial. As Paul is overweight, her estimation is
mentioned below.
Paul
Basal Metabolic rate= 8.7 Mj/d* 85 age + 674 kcl=1439
Daily
Energy requirement= 1493* 1.6 moderate occupational activity =2302.4
Moderated
physical activity 1.6 of a women age 60 years and weight 85kg needs 2302.4 kcl
per day.
According
to the above anthropometric measurement Pual kcl should be 2302.4.
Action
Plan
The case study depicted that Pual is consuming an unhealthy diet
plan with high carbohydrate, sugar and saturated fats. She developed an
unhealthy diet pattern due to cultural, socio-economic, geographical personal
factors, which was increasing the risk for multiple diseases. As literature
suggested that the people of 55 or above age group found to be more vulnerable
to develop diet-related diseases compared to other age groups. . She was in
dire need to control her weight as she was suffering from obesity. Paul was
recommended a healthy diet plan to control obesity and other diet-related
diseases such as diabetes, cardiac or other related disorders.
According
to the nutritional analysis software, the following measurement have been noted
PAL: 1.2, RMR: 1552, EER: 1863
Paul
needed 1863kcl each day
The
following diet plan has been made according to the report of the calculator.
Rational
The rationale of making the diet plan was to increase the intake of
1863 kcal per day by making a slight modification in the dietary pattern. For
example, the fish, meat, vegetable, and healthy snacks have been added in the
diet plan to minimise the risk of a diet deficiency or obesity oriented
diseases and to maintained the balanced level of basal metabolic rate. It was
observed through the diet plan of Pual that she was taking more wine, fat,
butter and dairy product, which was leading her to obesity, coronary heart
disease and digestive problems. The high intake of protein, vitamins, carbohydrate,
and calcium was intended to increase through the wheat, vegetables, fish and
other healthy nutrients. The balance diet plan would help in reducing the risk
of diseases.
Table
1
The
following table depicted the one ay diet with the require kcl per day
|
Time
|
Meal
|
KCL total
|
|
Breakfast
|
Garlic bread with olive oil butter,
|
378,
|
|
Lunch
|
Code in better fried away, Bread melted wheat, vegetable roasted
in olive oil
|
240, 245,61
|
|
Evening Meal
|
Oats flakes role, vansion meat
|
392, 103
|
|
During Evening
|
Mixed serial and potato flour snack
|
447
|
|
Total kcl per day
|
|
1866
|
The
above table recommended the healthy diet plan for Paul, considering the
moderated activity. The Garlic bread with olive oil butter, Code in better
fried away, Bread melted wheat, vegetable roasted in olive oil, Oats flakes
role, venison meat, Mixed serial and potato flour snack are healthy diet for
fit mind and body.
Appendix
Table
2
Summary
of the Table
The
following table depicted the nutrients in one day plan in comparison to the UK
references
|
Nutrients
|
One day plan
|
Uk References
|
|
Vitamin D
|
0.13 µg
|
10 µg per day
|
|
Vitamin C
|
18.9mg
|
40/mg per day
|
|
Calcium
|
602mg
|
1200mg
|
|
Fat
|
48 gram
|
55-78 gram
|
|
Iron
|
14.25g
|
16.3-18.2
|
|
Salt
|
7.97mg
|
Below 1500mg
|
|
Fiber
|
25.1 g
|
18.3g
|
|
Protien
|
84.4 gram
|
0.8 gram per 1 kilogram of body weight
|
|
Sugar
|
20g
|
25 grams
|
|
Carbohydrate
|
231.6 grame
|
225 gram
|
|
kcl
|
1863
|
1900
|